Can you do retargeting without cookies?

There are a few ways to do retargeting without cookies. One way is to use IP addresses. Another way is to use browser fingerprinting. And yet another way is to use device IDs.

IP addresses can be used to target ads to specific devices, but they are not as accurate as cookies and can't be used to track people across different devices.

Browser fingerprinting is a more accurate way to track people across devices, but it is more invasive and can be used to track people without their consent.

Device IDs can be used to target ads to specific devices, but they can't be used to track people across different devices.

So, while it is possible to do retargeting without cookies, it is not as accurate or as effective as retargeting with cookies.